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Herramientas de Búsqueda de Empleo Modelos de Competencia
Modelos de Competencia Imprimir
Miércoles 08 de Octubre de 2008 01:19

¿Qué buscan las empresas a la hora de escoger a sus trabajadoras y trabajadores?

Tradicionalmente las empresas tenían una visión acerca del desempeño, donde lo más importante era la experiencia y los estudios a la hora de elegir a sus trabajadoras-es, actualmente poseen otra perspectiva acerca del desempeño de sus trabajadoras-es y de quién será la persona más adecuada para ocupar el cargo, denominado “Enfoque de Competencias”.

El actual modelo de competencias pretende predecir el desempeño de las personas a partir de sus conocimientos, potencial para el aprendizaje, habilidades personales, los rasgos y motivaciones personales. Todo lo anterior en su conjunto nos indicará qué tan exitoso será una candidata o un candidato en su desempeño en el cargo.

Cada cargo requiere de diferentes características por parte de la persona, para que ésta se desempeñe adecuadamente, incluso para aquellas personas que estudiaron la misma profesión pero que se desempeñarán en áreas diferentes. Veamos un ejemplo:

Se requiere contratar a dos enfermeras para un hospital público, una de ellas se desempeñará en la sala de emergencia y la otra se desempeñará en las habitaciones de pensionados.

 
Enfermera Emergencia
Enfermera Pensionado
Conocimiento
Titulo Universitario de Enfermera
Titulo Universitario de Enfermera
Experiencia
5 años de experiencia en el sistema público
5 años de experiencia en el sistema público
Habilidades
Maniobrar con rapidez
Manejar la información y procedimientos de todos los pacientes
Rasgos
Tolerancia al trabajo bajo stress
Empatía y paciencia hacia los enfermos
Motivaciones
Salvar la vida de las personas
Brindar una buena atención y servicio a las personas



Como podemos ver en el ejemplo, se solicitan dos personas con el mismo conocimiento y experiencia, pero para cada cargo se requiere de diferentes características personales de manera que cada una de ellas se desempeñe con éxito en su puesto de trabajo.

Para el enfoque de competencias, la experiencia y el conocimiento no son los aspectos más importantes, sino que también lo son tus características personales. Asimismo no existen rasgos personales mejores que otros. Cada característica personal cobrará importancia dependiendo del cargo al que postules.

Usualmente vemos que en nuestra sociedad existen mitos y prejuicios respecto de habilidades y competencias que son asignadas a ser más “femeninas” o “masculinas”, debes tener claro que son sólo prejuicios. Desde el modelo de competencias, no existen cosas que hagan mejor los hombres o las mujeres.

En nuestra vida las mujeres hemos desarrollado habilidades para distintas cosas al igual que los hombres. Incluso muchas de las habilidades que se desarrollan en actividades más tradicionalmente “femeninas” son de gran utilidad en trabajos que pueden ser considerados masculinos. Las habilidades y competencias hoy en día son transversales, independiente de nuestro género. Los hombres demostraron que pueden ser muy buenos chef y las mujeres han resultado muy exitosas a la hora de incorporarse en labores masculinas, como en la minería: donde vemos por ejemplo, que, un número no menor de mujeres se desempeña como choferes de camiones tolvas de alto tonelaje, en empresas como BHP Billiton.

Nuestra invitación es a que descubras cuáles son tus rasgos, habilidades y motivaciones que te permiten ingresar a trabajar al empleo que tú desees. No te limites por prejuicios, demuestra que tienes las capacidades más allá de tu condición de mujer en una sociedad como la nuestra donde las personas e instituciones esperan un comportamiento “ femenino-maternal” asociado a nuestro sexo y posibilidad de tener hijos-as.

Dentro de este modelo podemos clasificar diferentes tipos de competencias:

• Competencias Técnicas y Funcionales : Se refieren específicamente a “saber hacer” aquello que se relaciona con tu cargo o profesión. En nuestro ejemplo, las competencias técnicas de ambas enfermeras serán: la capacidad de aplicar procedimientos a los pacientes (instalar cánulas, realizar drenaje y curaciones, etc.). 

• Competencias Genéricas, Distintivas y de Gestión : son particulares a la organización, área y cargo, no se encuentran relacionadas directamente con la profesión. En nuestro ejemplo, las enfermeras deberán poseer conocimiento de los procedimientos administrativos de salud pública, capacidad para trabajar con un cierto tipo de pacientes (nivel socio-económico o grupo etáreo, crónicos o ambulatorios, etc.), liderar el grupo de personas que tengan a cargo, trabajar con recursos escasos, etc.

Para cualquier cargo ambos tipos de competencias serán trascendentales a la hora de escoger quién ocupará el cargo.